Index

Using a light microscope and calculating magnification; the parts of plant and animal cells; specialised cells and how their structure fits their function; diffusion, osmosis and turgor; and unicellular organisms.

Diffusion and the factors affecting its rate, osmosis and the required practical on osmosis in plant tissue, active transport and root hair cells, surface area to volume ratio, and exchange surfaces in animals and plants.

Leaf tissues and plant organisation, xylem & phloem, stomatal density, photosynthesis and leaf adaptations, root hair cells, transpiration and the transpiration stream, xerophytes and the factors affecting transpiration rate.

The heart and the double circulatory system, arteries, veins and capillaries, blood and its four components, blood vessel calculations, coronary heart disease and its treatments, and health, risk factors and non-communicable disease.

Interpreting disease data with means, percentage change and graphs, health and risk factors, how diseases interact, benign and malignant tumours and cancer treatments, correlation and causation, and the effects of smoking and alcohol, including on unborn babies.

Pathogens and how they spread, non-specific defences, bacterial, viral, protist and plant diseases, malaria and vectors, the immune system, vaccines and herd immunity, monoclonal antibodies, and discovering, developing and testing drugs.

Limiting factors (light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature), rate graphs, commercial greenhouses, and the required practical on light intensity and photosynthesis with the inverse square law.

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, gas exchange and the lungs, the body's response to exercise and oxygen debt, metabolism, and the uses of energy released by respiration.

Homeostasis and control systems, neurones and the reflex arc, synapses, the reaction time required practical, the brain, and the eye: pupil reflex, accommodation, myopia and hyperopia.

The endocrine system and the pituitary gland, controlling blood glucose, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, hormones in human reproduction, contraception and infertility treatments, negative feedback with thyroxine and adrenaline, and plant hormones.